Today’s Highlights: Netaji and his contribution immediate freedom

Thought for the Day “Not having the best situation, but seeing the best in your situation is the key to happiness.”

Today in History

• National Science Day

• 1580: The first Christian missionary from Goa came to Fatehpur Sikri, the court of Akbar.

• 1928: C. V. Raman invented the Raman Effect for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize. This is why this day is celebrated as National Science Day.

• 1935: Wallace Carothers invented nylon.

• 1943: Kolkata’s Howrah Bridge (Ravindra Setu) started.

• 1948: The last squadron of British troops left India.

• 2003: India’s permanent membership bill was introduced in the US Parliament.

Birth Anniversaries:

• 1927: Krishan Kant, the tenth Vice President of India.

• 1929: Rangaswamy Srinivasan, a physical chemist, and inventor.

Death Anniversaries:

• 1572: Udai Singh II, the Maharana of Mewar and the founder of the city of Udaipur

• 1936: Kamala Nehru, an Indian independence activist and the wife of Jawaharlal Nehru.

• 1963: Dr. Rajendra Prasad, the first President of India.

Build a Better Vocabulary 1. DISCLOSE (VERB): (प्रकट करना): reveal Synonyms: divulge, tell Antonyms: conceal Example Sentence: They disclosed her name to the press.

2. ABSTRUSE (ADJECTIVE): (गूढ़): obscure Synonyms: arcane, esoteric Antonyms: clear Example Sentence: She made an abstruse philosophical inquiry. 3. INDUCE (VERB): (कारण बनना): bring about Synonyms: bring on, cause Antonyms: prevent Example Sentence: None of these measures induced a change of policy. 4. FACTUAL (ADJECTIVE): (वास्तववक): truthful Synonyms: true, accurate Antonyms: fictitious Example Sentence: He backed a mixture of comment and factual information. 5. SORE (ADJECTIVE): (पीडादायक): hurting Synonyms: hurt, aching Antonyms: healthy Example Sentence: She was suffering from a sore threat.

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Knowledge Update

Netaji and his Contribution in Immediate Freedom

• Bose was a complex character. His complexity comes alive when one realizes his disagreement with the Congress leadership, when Bose took over the Indian National Army (INA).

• He constituted four regiments, three of which were named after Gandhi, Nehru and Maulana Azad.

• He had profound respect for his colleagues.

• In 1943, while Gandhi was in jail, Bose on the former’s birthday gave a moving address over the Azad Hind Radio where he referredto Gandhi as ‘father of the nation’.

• This was probably the first time this epithet was used for Gandhi, and soon it became ubiquitous.

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Association with INC

• Bose was a key member and a frontline leader of the Indian NationalCongress.

• He plunged into the anti-colonial movement under Gandhi’s leadership in 1921and rose to be the president of the Congress in 1938 and 39.

• There were certain differences of opinion with the Gandhian high command in 1939,but he remained true to the Congress ideal of freedom. Joining the Indian National Congress

• On July 16, 1921, Bose had returned to Bombay from London where he had gone on his father’s insistence to prepare for the Indian Civil Services examination.

• Despite qualifying for the services he had refused to take up the opportunity.

• Such was Bose’s zeal to join the freedom struggle that on the very afternoon he arrived in India he went to meet Gandhi at Mani Bhawan. Relations with the mainstream leaders (A) Bose vs. Gandhi

• Bose wanted to know how the different aspects of the movement were going to culminate in the non-payment of taxes, the last stage of the campaign.

• Secondly, he wanted to know how the non-payment of taxes would eventually force the British to leave and thirdly how Gandhi could promise Swaraj in one year.

• On Gandhi’s advice Bose moved to Calcutta, where he worked closely with the lawyer and Congress leader C R Das.

• As president of the Congress, his first disagreement with Gandhi happened in December 1938 when Bose was eager to form a coalition government in Bengal along with the Krishak Praja Party.

• The following year, Bose was hopeful for re-election as Congress president. A second term was very rare and Gandhi was pretty much against the idea of re- electing Bose.

• Bose found support from the younger and left leaning members of the Congress and also from the literary giant Rabindranath Tagore.

• Tagore had personally written to Gandhi requesting a second term for Bose. However, Bose was aggrieved to know that Gandhi saw this as a ‘personal defeat’.
  

(B) Bose vs. Nehru · Both leaders were of same age, similar political leanings and often finding themselves frustrated by Gandhi’s commitment to non-violence. · However, while Nehru was starry-eyed in his reverence for Gandhi, Bose though immensely respectful of Gandhi, found his political strategies to be ambiguous. · Bose and Nehru had been in prison at that time and both expressed disappointment and anger over unilateral withdrawal of non-cooperation movement over Chauri Chaura incident. · Both were left-leaning radical men, unswerving in their commitment to ‘purna swaraj’ and to the forming of a socialist state in independent India. · When Bose sought the support of the Nazi government in Germany, he found himself ideologically at the farthest end to Nehru’s views. (C) Bose vs. Patel · In response to Bose’s re-election, several members of the Congress Working Committee resigned including Vallabhbhai Patel and Rajendra Prasad. · Patel had an old rivalry with Bose, which was both personal and political. · Their relationship had deteriorated rapidly with the death of Patel’s elder brother Vithalbhai in 1933. · Bose had been very close to Vithalbhai and had nursed him during his last days. · In his will, Vithalbhai had left a substantial portion of his property to Bose. · Vallabhbhai had cast aspersions on the authenticity of the will and a long legal battle had followed culminating in the victory of Patel. As Congress president · In February 1938 Bose had taken over as president of the Congress and the next two years would be defining in creating his political profile as a Congressman and in drawing the rift with Gandhi and Nehru. · At the Haripura session of the Congress, Bose made his presidential address, which is known to be the lengthiest and most important speech he ever made to the party. · He made it clear that he stood for unqualified Swaraj. · However, it needs to be noted that nowhere in the speech did Bose suggest any criticism or deviation from Gandhi’s methods. Resignation from INC · On April 29, 1939 Bose resigned from his post as president of the Congress Party. · Ina statement to the press, he mentioned the efforts he had made to find a common ground with Gandhi. · These having failed, he felt his presidency may be a sort of obstacle or handicap in the path of the Congress as it sought to reconcile its two wings.

Life after leaving Congress (A) World War II

· In September 1939 German tanks invaded Poland, marking the beginning of the Second World War.

· The war was to have a most significant impact in the history of modern India.

· Bose was a special invitee in the three-day meeting of the Congress Working Committee from September9 to decide India’s position on the war.

· For Bose, the war served as a golden opportunity for India to launch a civil disobedience movement in order to win independence.

· For Bose the stance taken by the resolution to support Britishwas completely unacceptable.

· Nehru had nothing but hatred towards Fascism and Nazism and sought for some concessions from the British government to fight Mussolini and Hitler.

(B) Escape to Germany

· Bose organized mass protests in Calcutta for the removal of the Hol well monument that stood in Dalhousie Square as a memorial to those who died in the Black Hole of Calcutta.

· He was arrested by the British government for the protests, but was released soon after he went into a seven-day hunger strike.

· Bose’s arrest and the subsequent release set the scene for him to escape to Germany via Afghanistan and the Soviet Union.

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